
即便是一貫看好特斯拉的分析師群體,也紛紛對(duì)該公司第一季度業(yè)績(jī)恐將讓投資者大失所望發(fā)出預(yù)警,這一論斷在4月初披露季度交付數(shù)據(jù)欠佳時(shí)便已初現(xiàn)端倪。
但4月22日股市收盤(pán)后公布的數(shù)據(jù)遠(yuǎn)比預(yù)期要糟糕得多。
特斯拉汽車(chē)銷(xiāo)售額較去年同期下降20%,降至140億美元。盡管工業(yè)和家用電池儲(chǔ)能業(yè)務(wù)在過(guò)去一年實(shí)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng),但公司整體營(yíng)收仍驟降9%。銷(xiāo)售額下滑嚴(yán)重侵蝕了盈利能力,導(dǎo)致凈利潤(rùn)下降近40%,至4.09億美元,遠(yuǎn)低于華爾街預(yù)測(cè)的逾6億美元,僅為特斯拉2023年第二季度盈利的六分之一。
當(dāng)業(yè)績(jī)慘淡到遠(yuǎn)低于“市場(chǎng)預(yù)期”時(shí),其股價(jià)在后續(xù)數(shù)日暴跌幾乎已成定局。然而,馬斯克再次憑借其出色的表演能力力挽狂瀾。在電話(huà)會(huì)議上,他宣稱(chēng)自5月起,將卸去在特朗普政府效率部中“厲行節(jié)約的強(qiáng)硬派”角色,轉(zhuǎn)而“將把更多時(shí)間分配給特斯拉”。這位世界首富還成功地將投資者的目光從慘淡的新業(yè)績(jī)數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)移到對(duì)未來(lái)的美好憧憬上,宣稱(chēng)備受矚目的Model Y跑車(chē)將于今年稍晚時(shí)候推出,而特斯拉的自動(dòng)駕駛出租車(chē)也將于2026年開(kāi)始在總部所在地奧斯汀載客運(yùn)營(yíng)。
因此,當(dāng)4月24日紐約證券交易所收盤(pán)鐘聲響起時(shí),特斯拉股價(jià)較第一季度財(cái)報(bào)公布前飆升9%,達(dá)到每股260美元。在這一天半的時(shí)間里,特斯拉市值增加了670億美元,使其估值達(dá)到8360億美元。
問(wèn)題在于:在此次出人意料的飆升之前,特斯拉股價(jià)已然被嚴(yán)重高估。
過(guò)去一個(gè)季度,特斯拉“核心”業(yè)務(wù)出現(xiàn)虧損
特斯拉目前在奧斯汀、柏林和上海生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品僅能支撐其估值的冰山一角。而且這些產(chǎn)品的前景正在迅速惡化。至于其余的部分——盡管第一季度業(yè)績(jī)慘淡,其股價(jià)卻逆勢(shì)上揚(yáng)——或許可稱(chēng)之為“馬斯克愿景溢價(jià)”。
在去年第四季度財(cái)報(bào)(同樣糟糕但程度稍輕)發(fā)布后,筆者引入了一個(gè)新概念來(lái)衡量特斯拉現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)(幾乎完全由汽車(chē)、電池構(gòu)成,外加少量服務(wù)業(yè)務(wù))所創(chuàng)造的可重復(fù)性核心收益。為此,筆者剔除了一次性收益,包括2023年第四季度的巨額稅收優(yōu)惠,以及該季度因比特幣持倉(cāng)增值6億美元帶來(lái)的非現(xiàn)金收益。筆者還排除了向競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手出售監(jiān)管積分所獲得的收益——馬斯克本人也表示這項(xiàng)收益難以持久,不過(guò)其消退速度仍難以預(yù)測(cè)。
我們稱(chēng)之為“核心”利潤(rùn),這表明特斯拉龐大的市值中有多少是基于其當(dāng)前的業(yè)績(jī),又有多少是得益于“馬斯克愿景溢價(jià)”,即這位明星首席執(zhí)行官對(duì)特斯拉買(mǎi)家的全自動(dòng)駕駛軟件與車(chē)輛以及商用自動(dòng)駕駛出租車(chē)的承諾。截至目前,這些承諾似乎總是遙不可及。
為了得出“核心”利潤(rùn)數(shù)值,筆者以4.09億美元凈利潤(rùn)為起點(diǎn),然后扣除出售監(jiān)管積分所獲稅后利潤(rùn),最終得出4.33億美元,超過(guò)了特斯拉第一季度總利潤(rùn)。根據(jù)筆者計(jì)算,特斯拉今年第一季度在汽車(chē)及電池的生產(chǎn)與銷(xiāo)售環(huán)節(jié),虧損達(dá)1300萬(wàn)美元,這也是自2020年以來(lái)首次出現(xiàn)此類(lèi)狀況。
過(guò)去四個(gè)季度,特斯拉“核心”(理論上“可重復(fù)”)利潤(rùn)為35億美元。據(jù)此計(jì)算,經(jīng)調(diào)整后的市盈率(特斯拉目前的估值8360億美元除以35億美元)為240倍。值得一提的是,在2022年巔峰時(shí)期,特斯拉全年“核心利潤(rùn)”接近120億美元,是過(guò)去12個(gè)月盈利的三倍有余。
我們不妨給汽車(chē)電池業(yè)務(wù)定一個(gè)20倍的市盈率,這已經(jīng)是全球行業(yè)平均水平的兩倍了,算是相當(dāng)慷慨了。這樣一來(lái),特斯拉當(dāng)前正常運(yùn)營(yíng)的業(yè)務(wù)估值也僅為700億美元。而7660億美元的估值差額,本質(zhì)上是對(duì)馬斯克在未來(lái)多年推動(dòng)特斯拉實(shí)現(xiàn)持續(xù)盈利增長(zhǎng)的盲目篤信,然而這種增長(zhǎng)態(tài)勢(shì),在資本主義的發(fā)展歷程中極為罕見(jiàn)——未曾有與特斯拉規(guī)模、發(fā)展階段相近的企業(yè)達(dá)成過(guò)。
若投資者期望從當(dāng)前持倉(cāng)獲取10%的年化回報(bào),特斯拉股價(jià)需在7年內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)翻倍,從當(dāng)前的260美元攀升至520美元。誠(chéng)然,特斯拉股價(jià)數(shù)月前幾近達(dá)到這一水平。但與特朗普當(dāng)選后那段狂熱時(shí)期相比,如今特斯拉的前景要黯淡得多。實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo),意味著特斯拉的市值必須翻倍,突破1.6萬(wàn)億美元大關(guān)。即便再次給出樂(lè)觀的30倍市盈率的預(yù)測(cè),那么所需的凈利潤(rùn)也將遠(yuǎn)超500億美元。僅靠汽車(chē)業(yè)務(wù)是無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。特斯拉需要在那些還停留在設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和原型階段、尚未推向市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)品上獲得相當(dāng)于蘋(píng)果(Apple)目前一半的收入。
看起來(lái)馬斯克又一次迷惑了投資者的心智
特斯拉在第一季度的新聞稿中,將慘淡業(yè)績(jī)歸咎于“汽車(chē)和能源市場(chǎng)的不確定性持續(xù)加劇,快速演變的貿(mào)易政策對(duì)特斯拉及其同行的全球供應(yīng)鏈和成本結(jié)構(gòu)造成負(fù)面影響”。換言之,特斯拉是在指責(zé)馬斯克在白宮的“上司”(指特朗普)。
在音樂(lè)電影《歡樂(lè)音樂(lè)妙無(wú)窮》(The Music Man)中,巧舌如簧的推銷(xiāo)員哈羅德·希爾(Harold Hill)成功說(shuō)服里弗城(River City,虛構(gòu)的)的淳樸市民為一車(chē)又一車(chē)即將運(yùn)抵的長(zhǎng)號(hào)和單簧管買(mǎi)單。希爾用華麗辭藻勾勒出一支輝煌軍樂(lè)隊(duì)的圖景,令眾人沉醉其中。但若論“忽悠”功夫,這位“冒牌音樂(lè)教授”和埃隆·馬斯克比起來(lái)可就小巫見(jiàn)大巫了。 (財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:中慧言-王芳
即便是一貫看好特斯拉的分析師群體,也紛紛對(duì)該公司第一季度業(yè)績(jī)恐將讓投資者大失所望發(fā)出預(yù)警,這一論斷在4月初披露季度交付數(shù)據(jù)欠佳時(shí)便已初現(xiàn)端倪。
但4月22日股市收盤(pán)后公布的數(shù)據(jù)遠(yuǎn)比預(yù)期要糟糕得多。
特斯拉汽車(chē)銷(xiāo)售額較去年同期下降20%,降至140億美元。盡管工業(yè)和家用電池儲(chǔ)能業(yè)務(wù)在過(guò)去一年實(shí)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng),但公司整體營(yíng)收仍驟降9%。銷(xiāo)售額下滑嚴(yán)重侵蝕了盈利能力,導(dǎo)致凈利潤(rùn)下降近40%,至4.09億美元,遠(yuǎn)低于華爾街預(yù)測(cè)的逾6億美元,僅為特斯拉2023年第二季度盈利的六分之一。
當(dāng)業(yè)績(jī)慘淡到遠(yuǎn)低于“市場(chǎng)預(yù)期”時(shí),其股價(jià)在后續(xù)數(shù)日暴跌幾乎已成定局。然而,馬斯克再次憑借其出色的表演能力力挽狂瀾。在電話(huà)會(huì)議上,他宣稱(chēng)自5月起,將卸去在特朗普政府效率部中“厲行節(jié)約的強(qiáng)硬派”角色,轉(zhuǎn)而“將把更多時(shí)間分配給特斯拉”。這位世界首富還成功地將投資者的目光從慘淡的新業(yè)績(jī)數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)移到對(duì)未來(lái)的美好憧憬上,宣稱(chēng)備受矚目的Model Y跑車(chē)將于今年稍晚時(shí)候推出,而特斯拉的自動(dòng)駕駛出租車(chē)也將于2026年開(kāi)始在總部所在地奧斯汀載客運(yùn)營(yíng)。
因此,當(dāng)4月24日紐約證券交易所收盤(pán)鐘聲響起時(shí),特斯拉股價(jià)較第一季度財(cái)報(bào)公布前飆升9%,達(dá)到每股260美元。在這一天半的時(shí)間里,特斯拉市值增加了670億美元,使其估值達(dá)到8360億美元。
問(wèn)題在于:在此次出人意料的飆升之前,特斯拉股價(jià)已然被嚴(yán)重高估。
過(guò)去一個(gè)季度,特斯拉“核心”業(yè)務(wù)出現(xiàn)虧損
特斯拉目前在奧斯汀、柏林和上海生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品僅能支撐其估值的冰山一角。而且這些產(chǎn)品的前景正在迅速惡化。至于其余的部分——盡管第一季度業(yè)績(jī)慘淡,其股價(jià)卻逆勢(shì)上揚(yáng)——或許可稱(chēng)之為“馬斯克愿景溢價(jià)”。
在去年第四季度財(cái)報(bào)(同樣糟糕但程度稍輕)發(fā)布后,筆者引入了一個(gè)新概念來(lái)衡量特斯拉現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)(幾乎完全由汽車(chē)、電池構(gòu)成,外加少量服務(wù)業(yè)務(wù))所創(chuàng)造的可重復(fù)性核心收益。為此,筆者剔除了一次性收益,包括2023年第四季度的巨額稅收優(yōu)惠,以及該季度因比特幣持倉(cāng)增值6億美元帶來(lái)的非現(xiàn)金收益。筆者還排除了向競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手出售監(jiān)管積分所獲得的收益——馬斯克本人也表示這項(xiàng)收益難以持久,不過(guò)其消退速度仍難以預(yù)測(cè)。
我們稱(chēng)之為“核心”利潤(rùn),這表明特斯拉龐大的市值中有多少是基于其當(dāng)前的業(yè)績(jī),又有多少是得益于“馬斯克愿景溢價(jià)”,即這位明星首席執(zhí)行官對(duì)特斯拉買(mǎi)家的全自動(dòng)駕駛軟件與車(chē)輛以及商用自動(dòng)駕駛出租車(chē)的承諾。截至目前,這些承諾似乎總是遙不可及。
為了得出“核心”利潤(rùn)數(shù)值,筆者以4.09億美元凈利潤(rùn)為起點(diǎn),然后扣除出售監(jiān)管積分所獲稅后利潤(rùn),最終得出4.33億美元,超過(guò)了特斯拉第一季度總利潤(rùn)。根據(jù)筆者計(jì)算,特斯拉今年第一季度在汽車(chē)及電池的生產(chǎn)與銷(xiāo)售環(huán)節(jié),虧損達(dá)1300萬(wàn)美元,這也是自2020年以來(lái)首次出現(xiàn)此類(lèi)狀況。
過(guò)去四個(gè)季度,特斯拉“核心”(理論上“可重復(fù)”)利潤(rùn)為35億美元。據(jù)此計(jì)算,經(jīng)調(diào)整后的市盈率(特斯拉目前的估值8360億美元除以35億美元)為240倍。值得一提的是,在2022年巔峰時(shí)期,特斯拉全年“核心利潤(rùn)”接近120億美元,是過(guò)去12個(gè)月盈利的三倍有余。
我們不妨給汽車(chē)電池業(yè)務(wù)定一個(gè)20倍的市盈率,這已經(jīng)是全球行業(yè)平均水平的兩倍了,算是相當(dāng)慷慨了。這樣一來(lái),特斯拉當(dāng)前正常運(yùn)營(yíng)的業(yè)務(wù)估值也僅為700億美元。而7660億美元的估值差額,本質(zhì)上是對(duì)馬斯克在未來(lái)多年推動(dòng)特斯拉實(shí)現(xiàn)持續(xù)盈利增長(zhǎng)的盲目篤信,然而這種增長(zhǎng)態(tài)勢(shì),在資本主義的發(fā)展歷程中極為罕見(jiàn)——未曾有與特斯拉規(guī)模、發(fā)展階段相近的企業(yè)達(dá)成過(guò)。
若投資者期望從當(dāng)前持倉(cāng)獲取10%的年化回報(bào),特斯拉股價(jià)需在7年內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)翻倍,從當(dāng)前的260美元攀升至520美元。誠(chéng)然,特斯拉股價(jià)數(shù)月前幾近達(dá)到這一水平。但與特朗普當(dāng)選后那段狂熱時(shí)期相比,如今特斯拉的前景要黯淡得多。實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo),意味著特斯拉的市值必須翻倍,突破1.6萬(wàn)億美元大關(guān)。即便再次給出樂(lè)觀的30倍市盈率的預(yù)測(cè),那么所需的凈利潤(rùn)也將遠(yuǎn)超500億美元。僅靠汽車(chē)業(yè)務(wù)是無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。特斯拉需要在那些還停留在設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和原型階段、尚未推向市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)品上獲得相當(dāng)于蘋(píng)果(Apple)目前一半的收入。
看起來(lái)馬斯克又一次迷惑了投資者的心智
特斯拉在第一季度的新聞稿中,將慘淡業(yè)績(jī)歸咎于“汽車(chē)和能源市場(chǎng)的不確定性持續(xù)加劇,快速演變的貿(mào)易政策對(duì)特斯拉及其同行的全球供應(yīng)鏈和成本結(jié)構(gòu)造成負(fù)面影響”。換言之,特斯拉是在指責(zé)馬斯克在白宮的“上司”(指特朗普)。
在音樂(lè)電影《歡樂(lè)音樂(lè)妙無(wú)窮》(The Music Man)中,巧舌如簧的推銷(xiāo)員哈羅德·希爾(Harold Hill)成功說(shuō)服里弗城(River City,虛構(gòu)的)的淳樸市民為一車(chē)又一車(chē)即將運(yùn)抵的長(zhǎng)號(hào)和單簧管買(mǎi)單。希爾用華麗辭藻勾勒出一支輝煌軍樂(lè)隊(duì)的圖景,令眾人沉醉其中。但若論“忽悠”功夫,這位“冒牌音樂(lè)教授”和埃隆·馬斯克比起來(lái)可就小巫見(jiàn)大巫了。 (財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:中慧言-王芳
Even the perma-bull crowd of analysts covering Tesla warned of sorely disappointing results in Q1, a view signaled by the poor deliveries for the quarter reported in early April.
But the numbers released after the market close on April 22 were much, much worse than expected.
Automotive sales tumbled 20% over the same period last year to $14 billion. Despite a strong 12-month gain in its industrial and residential battery storage franchise, overall revenues plunged 9%. Falling sales hammered profitability, sending net income down nearly 40% to a piddling $409 million, far below the over $600 million forecast by Wall Street, and one-sixth of what Tesla earned as recently as Q2 of 2023.
When results fall this disastrously short of “consensus,” it’s virtually a given that the stock craters in the days that follow. But Musk staged yet another triumph of showmanship to save the day. On the conference call he declared that, starting in May, he’ll be stepping back from his role as President Trump’s spending hawk at DOGE, and will be “allocating far more time to Tesla.” The world’s richest person also succeeded in shifting investors’ gaze from the miserable new numbers to the rich promise of things to come, declaring that a long-awaited version of the Model Y sports vehicle will arrive later this year, and that Tesla robotaxis will ferry passengers around its hometown of Austin starting in 2026.
So when the NYSE closing bell sounded Thursday, April 24, Tesla shares had jumped 9% from the level prior to the Q1 report to $260. In that day-and-a-half span, Tesla added $67 billion in market cap, raising its valuation to $836 billion.
The rub: Tesla’s shares already looked radically overvalued prior to this unlikely spike. Here’s why.
In the past quarter, Tesla lost money in its ‘hardcore’ businesses
The products Tesla is now producing in Austin, Berlin, and Shanghai explain only a small fraction of its valuation. And their fortunes are falling fast. The rest—which just got even pricier in defiance of the Q1 debacle—might be called the “Musk Hope Premium.”
Following the bad, but not-nearly-as-bad Q4 report, this writer introduced a new concept for measuring Tesla’s repeatable, bedrock earnings generated by its current businesses—almost exclusively comprising cars and batteries, plus a small services unit. To get there, I eliminated such one-time gains as a big tax benefit in the final quarter of 2023, and a noncash profit on the $600 million write-up of its Bitcoin holdings in Q4. I also excluded earnings from the sale of regulatory credits to competing carmakers, a benefit that Musk himself says will prove ephemeral, though how fast it fades remains unpredictable.
What we’ll term these “hardcore” profits show how much of Tesla’s gigantic market cap is justified by what it’s doing now, and how much owes to the “Musk Hope Premium,” the celebrity CEO’s promises for full self-driving software and vehicles for Tesla buyers, and commercial robotaxis. So far, those assurances have proved a constantly receding horizon.
To get the “hardcore” number, I started with net earnings of $409 million, and subtracted after-tax profits from the sale of regulatory credits. That result is $433 million, and accounts for over 100% of Tesla’s total profits. By my calculus, Tesla lost $13 million making and selling cars and batteries in Q1. It’s the first time that’s happened since 2020.
For the past four quarters, Tesla has posted a “hardcore,” hopefully “repeatable” number of $3.5 billion. Hence, it’s now selling at an adjusted P/E of 240 (the $836 billion valuation divided by my profit number of $3.5 billion). By the way, at its peak in 2022, Tesla’s “hardcore number” for the year was almost $12 billion, over three times what it achieved in the past 12 months.
Let’s give the car-battery business a P/E of 20, twice the global industry average, just to be generous. That puts the worth of its currently up-and-running operations at $70 billion. The entire difference of $766 billion is essentially a blind vote of confidence that Musk will deliver years of earnings growth from here seldom witnessed in the annals of capitalism and never achieved by a player of Tesla’s age and size.
If you want a 10% return from here, Tesla’s stock price would need to double from today’s $260 to $520 in seven years. Of course, Musk’s machine nearly got there a couple of months back. But the future looks a lot dimmer now than it did in the heady days following Trump’s election. Hitting the mark means Tesla’s market cap must also double, to over $1.6 trillion. At a, once again, generous forecast of a 30 P/E, the net earnings required are well over $50 billion. Cars won’t do it. Tesla would need to earn half of what Apple generates now on products that haven’t advanced from the drawing boards and prototypes to the showrooms.
It looks like Musk once again is fogging investors’ minds
The Tesla Q1 press release blamed the miserable performance on “uncertainty in the automotive and energy markets [that] continues to increase as rapidly evolving trade policy adversely impacts global supply chain and cost structure of Tesla and our peers.” In other words, Tesla is blaming Musk’s boss in the White House.
In the movie musical The Music Man, slick salesman Harold Hill charmed the good townspeople in mythical River City into paying up for carloads of trombones and clarinets that were always just about to arrive. Hill’s wordplay instilled visions of a glorious marching band that intoxicated his audience. The Music Man’s got nothing on Elon Musk.