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人工智能究竟在多大程度上取代人類(lèi)工作?

Nick Lichtenberg
2025-07-21

高盛通過(guò)深入分析,得出了三個(gè)結(jié)論。

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人工智能引發(fā)的就業(yè)沖擊究竟有多嚴(yán)重?圖片來(lái)源:Getty Images

關(guān)于人工智能對(duì)未來(lái)就業(yè)的影響,各界存在諸多猜測(cè),F(xiàn)ortune Intelligence等媒體亦有大量探討。高盛(Goldman Sachs)首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家簡(jiǎn)·哈奇烏斯正在研究這個(gè)課題。他率領(lǐng)團(tuán)隊(duì)廣泛整合行業(yè)調(diào)查、政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)和專(zhuān)有分析,編制了《人工智能應(yīng)用追蹤報(bào)告》(AI Adoption Tracker)。哈奇烏斯團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn),2025年第二季度人工智能應(yīng)用取得“顯著進(jìn)展”,美國(guó)公司運(yùn)用AI生產(chǎn)商品或提供服務(wù)的比例從第一季度的7.4%升至9.2%。該報(bào)告亦描繪出一幅更為復(fù)雜的圖景。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管生成式AI及相關(guān)技術(shù)正在迅速重塑企業(yè)投資與生產(chǎn)力,但其對(duì)就業(yè)的影響速度卻更為緩慢且微妙。

以下為高盛《人工智能應(yīng)用追蹤報(bào)告》的三大核心觀(guān)點(diǎn)。

1. 迄今為止,勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)所受沖擊有限

盡管美國(guó)企業(yè)人工智能采用率激增,但研究報(bào)告指出,整體勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)狀況目前基本未受影響。簡(jiǎn)而言之,“人工智能對(duì)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的影響仍然有限,且尚無(wú)跡象表明其對(duì)大多數(shù)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)指標(biāo)產(chǎn)生顯著沖擊。”這一結(jié)論與科技行業(yè)削減涉及AI的工作崗位的信號(hào)形成對(duì)比,也與數(shù)位知名CEO警告稱(chēng)人工智能可能會(huì)取代超50%白領(lǐng)員工的言論相左。

具體而言,高盛表示,在A(yíng)I應(yīng)用程度高的行業(yè)中,就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)、薪資漲幅、失業(yè)率及裁員率等關(guān)鍵指標(biāo),與AI應(yīng)用程度較低的行業(yè)相比,并未出現(xiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的顯著差異。目前,與AI相關(guān)的職位招聘占所有IT崗位的24%,但僅占招聘總數(shù)的1.5%。這表明,盡管技術(shù)類(lèi)崗位正在積極調(diào)整,但更廣泛的勞動(dòng)力結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型仍是漸進(jìn)式的。

值得注意的是,受AI影響的崗位失業(yè)率現(xiàn)已與整體經(jīng)濟(jì)水平趨同,駁斥了早期對(duì)大規(guī)模失業(yè)的擔(dān)憂(yōu)。近期并未有明確將AI列為原因的裁員公告,這進(jìn)一步表明當(dāng)前AI帶來(lái)的沖擊主要局限于特定職能領(lǐng)域,而非波及整個(gè)行業(yè)。

另一方面,分析師指出,在傳聞中受到AI影響的職業(yè)(電話(huà)客服中心即是顯著例證),其就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)仍不盡如人意。這表明某些變化正在悄然發(fā)生,但尚處于早期階段。

2. 生產(chǎn)力提升集中顯現(xiàn)且成效顯著

高盛指出,在已部署AI的領(lǐng)域,其對(duì)生產(chǎn)力的提升作用顯著。哈奇烏斯團(tuán)隊(duì)援引學(xué)術(shù)研究及企業(yè)案例稱(chēng),采用生成式AI平均可將勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率提升23%~29%。具體估算值存在差異:學(xué)術(shù)研究得出的中位數(shù)為16%,平均值為23%;企業(yè)案例得出的中位數(shù)為30%,平均值為29%。盡管如此,這仍表明先行采用者已獲得切實(shí)的效率提升。

隨著企業(yè)從試驗(yàn)階段轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)I融入核心工作流程,最積極應(yīng)用生成式AI的行業(yè),如信息科技、金融和專(zhuān)業(yè)服務(wù)業(yè),得到的生產(chǎn)力提升最為顯著。

商界領(lǐng)袖和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)計(jì),隨著應(yīng)用深化及更多組織將AI納入基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,其對(duì)生產(chǎn)力的綜合影響將在宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)中表現(xiàn)得更加明顯。

3. AI對(duì)就業(yè)的影響:仍處于初期

高盛分析中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)主題是:AI對(duì)就業(yè)的影響尚未完全顯現(xiàn)。一方面,與AI相關(guān)的職位空缺(尤其在IT領(lǐng)域)正在增加;另一方面,市場(chǎng)對(duì)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)工程師、AI研究員等職位的需求也在上升。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,相當(dāng)一部分公司正計(jì)劃招聘具備此類(lèi)技能的人才。

生產(chǎn)力提升終將惠及更多行業(yè),而“AI應(yīng)用強(qiáng)度”(即高度依賴(lài)AI的崗位占比)在信息技術(shù)和專(zhuān)業(yè)服務(wù)領(lǐng)域最高,預(yù)示著未來(lái)就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)變可能會(huì)率先在這些行業(yè)顯現(xiàn)。

報(bào)告指出,當(dāng)前AI對(duì)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的影響有限,但變革的種子已然播下。企業(yè)(尤其是大中型企業(yè))AI采用率的提升,預(yù)示著未來(lái)的生產(chǎn)力變革與崗位變遷。然而就目前而言,至少在A(yíng)I技術(shù)與業(yè)務(wù)流程實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛、更深度的融合之前,對(duì)AI引發(fā)大規(guī)模失業(yè)的擔(dān)憂(yōu)似乎有些夸大了。

隨著企業(yè)持續(xù)擴(kuò)大AI應(yīng)用規(guī)模以及配套基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的日益成熟,機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)均將隨之增加,這就需要政策制定者、商界領(lǐng)袖及勞動(dòng)者共同密切關(guān)注。

高盛拒絕進(jìn)一步置評(píng)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

關(guān)于本文,《財(cái)富》雜志使用了生成式AI輔助完成初稿。編輯在發(fā)布前已核實(shí)信息的準(zhǔn)確性。

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

關(guān)于人工智能對(duì)未來(lái)就業(yè)的影響,各界存在諸多猜測(cè),F(xiàn)ortune Intelligence等媒體亦有大量探討。高盛(Goldman Sachs)首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家簡(jiǎn)·哈奇烏斯正在研究這個(gè)課題。他率領(lǐng)團(tuán)隊(duì)廣泛整合行業(yè)調(diào)查、政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)和專(zhuān)有分析,編制了《人工智能應(yīng)用追蹤報(bào)告》(AI Adoption Tracker)。哈奇烏斯團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn),2025年第二季度人工智能應(yīng)用取得“顯著進(jìn)展”,美國(guó)公司運(yùn)用AI生產(chǎn)商品或提供服務(wù)的比例從第一季度的7.4%升至9.2%。該報(bào)告亦描繪出一幅更為復(fù)雜的圖景。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管生成式AI及相關(guān)技術(shù)正在迅速重塑企業(yè)投資與生產(chǎn)力,但其對(duì)就業(yè)的影響速度卻更為緩慢且微妙。

以下為高盛《人工智能應(yīng)用追蹤報(bào)告》的三大核心觀(guān)點(diǎn)。

1. 迄今為止,勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)所受沖擊有限

盡管美國(guó)企業(yè)人工智能采用率激增,但研究報(bào)告指出,整體勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)狀況目前基本未受影響。簡(jiǎn)而言之,“人工智能對(duì)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的影響仍然有限,且尚無(wú)跡象表明其對(duì)大多數(shù)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)指標(biāo)產(chǎn)生顯著沖擊?!边@一結(jié)論與科技行業(yè)削減涉及AI的工作崗位的信號(hào)形成對(duì)比,也與數(shù)位知名CEO警告稱(chēng)人工智能可能會(huì)取代超50%白領(lǐng)員工的言論相左。

具體而言,高盛表示,在A(yíng)I應(yīng)用程度高的行業(yè)中,就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)、薪資漲幅、失業(yè)率及裁員率等關(guān)鍵指標(biāo),與AI應(yīng)用程度較低的行業(yè)相比,并未出現(xiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的顯著差異。目前,與AI相關(guān)的職位招聘占所有IT崗位的24%,但僅占招聘總數(shù)的1.5%。這表明,盡管技術(shù)類(lèi)崗位正在積極調(diào)整,但更廣泛的勞動(dòng)力結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型仍是漸進(jìn)式的。

值得注意的是,受AI影響的崗位失業(yè)率現(xiàn)已與整體經(jīng)濟(jì)水平趨同,駁斥了早期對(duì)大規(guī)模失業(yè)的擔(dān)憂(yōu)。近期并未有明確將AI列為原因的裁員公告,這進(jìn)一步表明當(dāng)前AI帶來(lái)的沖擊主要局限于特定職能領(lǐng)域,而非波及整個(gè)行業(yè)。

另一方面,分析師指出,在傳聞中受到AI影響的職業(yè)(電話(huà)客服中心即是顯著例證),其就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)仍不盡如人意。這表明某些變化正在悄然發(fā)生,但尚處于早期階段。

2. 生產(chǎn)力提升集中顯現(xiàn)且成效顯著

高盛指出,在已部署AI的領(lǐng)域,其對(duì)生產(chǎn)力的提升作用顯著。哈奇烏斯團(tuán)隊(duì)援引學(xué)術(shù)研究及企業(yè)案例稱(chēng),采用生成式AI平均可將勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率提升23%~29%。具體估算值存在差異:學(xué)術(shù)研究得出的中位數(shù)為16%,平均值為23%;企業(yè)案例得出的中位數(shù)為30%,平均值為29%。盡管如此,這仍表明先行采用者已獲得切實(shí)的效率提升。

隨著企業(yè)從試驗(yàn)階段轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)I融入核心工作流程,最積極應(yīng)用生成式AI的行業(yè),如信息科技、金融和專(zhuān)業(yè)服務(wù)業(yè),得到的生產(chǎn)力提升最為顯著。

商界領(lǐng)袖和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)計(jì),隨著應(yīng)用深化及更多組織將AI納入基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,其對(duì)生產(chǎn)力的綜合影響將在宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)中表現(xiàn)得更加明顯。

3. AI對(duì)就業(yè)的影響:仍處于初期

高盛分析中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)主題是:AI對(duì)就業(yè)的影響尚未完全顯現(xiàn)。一方面,與AI相關(guān)的職位空缺(尤其在IT領(lǐng)域)正在增加;另一方面,市場(chǎng)對(duì)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)工程師、AI研究員等職位的需求也在上升。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,相當(dāng)一部分公司正計(jì)劃招聘具備此類(lèi)技能的人才。

生產(chǎn)力提升終將惠及更多行業(yè),而“AI應(yīng)用強(qiáng)度”(即高度依賴(lài)AI的崗位占比)在信息技術(shù)和專(zhuān)業(yè)服務(wù)領(lǐng)域最高,預(yù)示著未來(lái)就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)變可能會(huì)率先在這些行業(yè)顯現(xiàn)。

報(bào)告指出,當(dāng)前AI對(duì)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的影響有限,但變革的種子已然播下。企業(yè)(尤其是大中型企業(yè))AI采用率的提升,預(yù)示著未來(lái)的生產(chǎn)力變革與崗位變遷。然而就目前而言,至少在A(yíng)I技術(shù)與業(yè)務(wù)流程實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛、更深度的融合之前,對(duì)AI引發(fā)大規(guī)模失業(yè)的擔(dān)憂(yōu)似乎有些夸大了。

隨著企業(yè)持續(xù)擴(kuò)大AI應(yīng)用規(guī)模以及配套基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的日益成熟,機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)均將隨之增加,這就需要政策制定者、商界領(lǐng)袖及勞動(dòng)者共同密切關(guān)注。

高盛拒絕進(jìn)一步置評(píng)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

關(guān)于本文,《財(cái)富》雜志使用了生成式AI輔助完成初稿。編輯在發(fā)布前已核實(shí)信息的準(zhǔn)確性。

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

There’s a lot of speculation, including in the pages of Fortune Intelligence, about the impact that artificial intelligence will have on the jobs of the future. Goldman Sachs Chief Economist Jan Hatzius is on the case, leading a team that draws from a breadth of industry surveys, government data, and proprietary analysis to produce an AI Adoption Tracker. For the second quarter of 2025, Hatzius’ team found “notable progress” in AI adoption, with 9.2% of U.S. companies using AI to produce goods or services, compared to 7.4% in the first quarter. The report also delivers a nuanced picture, finding that while generative AI and related technologies are rapidly reshaping corporate investment and productivity, their effect on employment is evolving at a slower, subtler pace.

Here are three takeaways from the Goldman AI Adoption Tracker.

1. Limited labor market disruption (so far)

Despite a surge in AI adoption across U.S. firms, the research note found overall labor market outcomes remain largely unaffected for now. Simply put, “AI’s impact on the labor market remains limited and there is no sign of a significant impact on most labor market outcomes.” This contrasts with signs that the tech sector is cutting jobs exposed to AI, and with several prominent CEOs warning AI could displace upward of 50% of the white-collar workforce.

Specifically, Goldman says key metrics such as job growth, wage gains, unemployment rates, and layoff rates in AI-exposed industries have shown little statistically significant deviation from less exposed sectors. AI-related job postings now account for 24% of all IT openings, but still represent just 1.5% of total job postings, indicating that while technology roles are adapting, the broader workforce shift is gradual.

Notably, the unemployment rate for AI-exposed occupations has now reconciled with the wider economy, refuting early fears of mass displacement. There have been no recent layoff announcements explicitly citing AI as the cause, further underscoring the current containment of disruption to specific functions rather than entire industries.

On the other hand, the analysts noted, payrolls growth continues to underperform in occupations where AI is having an anecdotal impact, as with the notable example of telephone call centers. This suggests that something is happening that is only being whispered about. Still, it’s early days.

2. Productivity gains concentrated, but significant

Goldman says AI’s influence on productivity where it’s already been deployed is pronounced. Hatzius’ team cited academic studies and company anecdotes indicating generative AI adoption delivers, on average, a 23%–29% boost to labor productivity. The estimates vary, with academic studies generating a median of 16% and average of 23%, while company anecdotes produce a median of 30% and average of 29%. Still, this suggests tangible efficiency improvements for early adopters.

Sectors leveraging generative AI most actively—information, finance, and professional services—are seeing the largest increases in productivity as firms move from experimentation to integrating AI into their core workflows.

Business leaders and economists expect that as adoption deepens and more organizations build AI into their infrastructure, the aggregate productivity impact will become more visible in macroeconomic data.

3. The AI employment story: still in its early chapters

A recurring theme in the Goldman Sachs analysis is that the full employment effect of AI is still developing. While AI-related openings are growing, especially in IT, there is also an uptick in demand for roles such as machine-learning engineers and AI researchers. Surveys reflect that a substantial share of companies are planning to hire for these skillsets.

Productivity improvements may eventually widen to more industries, and “AI intensity” (share of roles heavily using AI) remains highest in information-technology and professional-service sectors, signaling where future employment shifts might first materialize.

The report said the current impact of AI on the labor market is limited, but the seeds of transformation are being sown. Increases in corporate AI adoption, especially among large and medium-sized firms, point toward future productivity and role changes. But for now, fears of widespread AI-induced job loss appear overstated—at least until broader, deeper integration of the technology with business processes occurs.

As companies continue to scale AI and as supporting infrastructure matures, opportunities and challenges will both be amplified, warranting close observation by policymakers, business leaders, and workers alike.

Goldman Sachs declined to comment further.

For this story, Fortune used generative AI to help with an initial draft. An editor verified the accuracy of the information before publishing.

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