從美東時(shí)間10月16日晚開(kāi)始，加拿大全境娛樂(lè)用大麻正式合法。加拿大聯(lián)邦政府只出臺(tái)了少數(shù)基礎(chǔ)規(guī)定，由各省自行制定具體規(guī)則。這和鄰國(guó)美國(guó)的做法截然不同。在美國(guó)很多州，要么規(guī)定從醫(yī)用到娛樂(lè)用大麻通通違法，要么直接認(rèn)定為合法，而聯(lián)邦政府卻對(duì)大麻使用不管不問(wèn)。

美國(guó)政府視而不見(jiàn)產(chǎn)生了一些不良后果。在加拿大設(shè)定大麻合法化以前，烏拉圭一直是全球唯一認(rèn)定成人娛樂(lè)用大麻價(jià)值鏈合法的國(guó)家。雖然該國(guó)使用美元，合法的大麻賣家卻無(wú)法使用受美國(guó)監(jiān)管的金融系統(tǒng)，比如美國(guó)的銀行或者大型信用卡網(wǎng)絡(luò)，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)法律禁止機(jī)構(gòu)處理毒品“贓款”。即便跟科羅拉多州、加州和華盛頓州等大麻合法州的企業(yè)做生意，烏拉圭的商家也只能用現(xiàn)金交易，給交易雙方都帶來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

加拿大的企業(yè)不會(huì)受到合法性限制，但也許會(huì)遭遇烏拉圭面臨的另一個(gè)問(wèn)題：合法的大麻供應(yīng)有限。加拿大已大量種植大麻，有些供應(yīng)醫(yī)用的合法用途，有些非法用途的流入黑市。如果要開(kāi)辟新的合法娛樂(lè)用大麻市場(chǎng)，加拿大聯(lián)邦政府就要給更多的工業(yè)化種植大麻業(yè)主頒發(fā)牌照，自用最多只能種植4株大麻?？墒秤么舐榈囊?guī)定還要一年以后才能落地。

加拿大滑鐵盧大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家安因達(dá)·森向舊金山媒體《圣荷西水星報(bào)》表示：“這就像是把五條道的公路并入一條道的國(guó)家公路。很難把方方面面及時(shí)理順。”而且，加拿大與美國(guó)的關(guān)系也給大麻行業(yè)帶來(lái)負(fù)面影響：如果前往美國(guó)的加拿大人承認(rèn)剛抽過(guò)大麻，或者為了大麻生意而出差，美國(guó)的邊境官可能會(huì)阻止他們?nèi)刖场?/p>

不過(guò)，多年來(lái)一些跨國(guó)企業(yè)和投資基金一直在大麻市場(chǎng)外徘徊，等待合法投資大規(guī)模工業(yè)化種植和經(jīng)銷大麻的時(shí)機(jī)。多家醫(yī)用大麻生產(chǎn)商也已在加拿大的股市上市。

在全球其他地方，今年早些時(shí)候格魯吉亞與南非的高等法院都做出判決，裁定個(gè)人使用大麻合法，并未承認(rèn)銷售大麻合法。至少還有十幾個(gè)國(guó)家出臺(tái)了非正式政策，放松大麻相關(guān)法規(guī)的執(zhí)法力度，但尚未正式批準(zhǔn)合法生產(chǎn)和出售大麻。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

譯者：Pessy

審校：夏林

Canada legalized the sale of marijuana for recreational use starting on October 16 night. The federal government set a few baseline rules and left others to the provinces. That differs from the U.S., where many states have decriminalized or outright legalized use of marijuana ranging from medical to recreational while the U.S. federal government has turned a blind eye to the whole affair

But turning a blind eye turns out to have consequences, too. Until yesterday Uruguay was the only country to have legalized the entire value chain for adult recreational use of marijuana. But because the country uses U.S. dollars, its legal marijuana sellers cannot tap into U.S.-regulated financial systems such as U.S. banks or the major credit card networks, which are forbidden from handling drug money. Like marijuana businesses in Colorado, California, and Washington state, the Uruguayan sellers have had to resort to cash, with all its attendant risks.

Businesses in Canada will not have that problem. But they may run into another problem Uruguay encountered: limited legal supply. Canada grows a lot of marijuana already, legally for medical purposes and illegally for the black market. The federal government will have to license more industrial growers to grow its new legal recreational market. Individuals can only grow up to four plants for their own use. Rules for edibles are also still a year away.

“It’s like trying to merge a five-lane highway into a one-lane country road. It’s tough to get everything through the bottleneck on a timely basis,” University of Waterloo economist Anindya Sen told the San Jose Mercury News. And relations with its southern neighbor will also put a damper on the party: U.S. border officials can bar from entry Canadians who admit to having used marijuana or whom might be traveling on marijuana-related business.

Still, international businesses and investment funds have been hovering around the market for years, waiting for the time when they could legally invest in large-scale industrializing marijuana cultivation and distribution. Several medical marijuana producers are already on Canadian stock markets.

Elsewhere in the world, Georgian and South African high courts issued rulings earlier this year that legalized personal use of marijuana without legalizing sales. At least a dozen other countries have informal policies limiting enforcement of marijuana laws without providing for a legal infrastructure for its production and sale.